There are two different models of undergraduate education in universities.

Under the holistic model, students are typically required to take a significant number of liberal arts and elective courses (including those distant from their major), even at the expense of reduced credit requirements for their major courses.

In contrast, the specialised model prioritises depth of knowledge within a particular major. Students following this path spend the majority of their academic credits delving deeply into their chosen major(s), with minimal requirements for courses outside it.

For the purposes of this debate, 'fandomisation of professional sports' refers to the fandom culture of entertainment industry being crossed over into the realm of professional sports. This includes more pursuit of emotional connection to the players, prioritisation of a certain player over a team, demand for contents covering private/outside-game lives of players, and imposition of strict moral standards on the private lives of players.

Super-apps are digital platforms that integrate multiple services—such as messaging, payments, ride-hailing, food delivery, shopping, and more—into a single mobile application. Originating in Asia, key examples include Tencent's WeChat in China, Tata Neu in India, and Grab in Southeast Asia.

Biden’s AI Diffusion Rule, announced in January 2025, and set to come into force on May 15th 2025, was an export control policy placing restrictions on advanced AI chips, cloud access, and model weights. 

A key feature was a three-tiered system: 

Tier 1 countries (17 close allies + Taiwan) with essentially unrestricted access. 

Tier 2 (majority of countries) with new chip export limits. Examples include per-company, per-country quarterly caps and reports on processing power, or firms headquartered in T1 nations or those that severed supply chain ties with T3 countries being eligible to apply for greater access to U.S. chips. 

Tier 3 (U.S. arms-embargoed countries such as China and Russia) were effectively blocked. 

On May 13th 2025, the U.S. Department of Commerce (DOC) formally rescinded the rule.

Pirate Party refers to a global network of political parties that promote civil liberties in the digital age. Described largely as libertarian, their ideology emphasises privacy, free access to information, and opposition to intellectual and market monopolies. While they have pursued legislative reforms such as copyright changes, anti-surveillance laws, and e-government transparency initiatives, they have also been associated with digital vigilantism, including sharing piracy tools, hactivism, and promoting methods to bypass digital restrictions.

Momfluencers are influencers, most often mothers themselves, whose social media content centre around aspects of motherhood (e.g. postpartum advice, parenting tips, domestic routines, etc.)

A gaybourhood is a geographic area (e.g. neighborhood) that is inhabited and frequented by LGBTQ+ people and that has many businesses which cater to the LGBTQ+ community. Examples include West Hollywood (WeHo) in California, Soho in London, and Oxford Street in Sydney.

Victim mentality is a way of thinking in which individuals may focus on the difficulties or challenges they face, often attributing those challenges to external factors, such as other people or circumstances. 

For the purposes of this debate, moral optimism centres around the belief that humans are inherently good. If anything contrary to goodness occurs, something must have gone wrong somewhere, and it is wise to situate it within a broader context.

In contrast, moral pessimism holds that humans are fundamentally flawed or self-interested, and that immoral behavior often reflects the true nature of humanity rather than a deviation from it.

Ketamine is most prominently medically used for anaesthesia, but also recreationally for its hallucinogenic and dissociative effects, for which research is still limited. 

Since Russia’s invasion, Ukraine has seen a significant surge in the use of drugs including cannabis and synthetic stimulants, as well as growing interest in psychedelic therapy for soldiers. In Ukraine, while ketamine is approved as an anaesthetic, its use for mental health treatment is off-label. Currently there is only one legal provider of Ketamine-Assisted Psychotherapy (KAP) in Eastern Europe, a private clinic in Kyiv.